| General note |
Focuses on the application of membrane technologies in removing toxic metals\metalloids from water. Particular attention is devoted to the removal of arsenic, uranium, and fluoride. These compounds are all existing in the earth’s crust at levels between two and five thousands micrograms per kg (parts per million) on average and these compounds can be considered highly toxic to humans, who are exposed to them primarily from air, food and water. In order to comply with the new maximum contaminant level, numerous studies have been undertaken to improve established treatments or to develop novel treatment technologies for removing toxic metals from contaminated surface and groundwater. Among the technologies available, applicable for water treatment, membrane technology has been identified as a promising technology to remove such toxic metals from water. The book describes both pressure driven (traditional processes, such as Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Ultrafiltration,etc) and more advanced membrane processes (such as forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and membrane bio-reactors) employed in the application of interest. Key aspect of this book is to provide information on both the basics of membrane technologies and on the results depending on the type of technology employed.<br/><br/>Part I Generality on arsenic, fluoride and uranium<br/><br/>1. Fluoride, uranium and arsenic: occurrence, mobility, chemistry, human health impacts and concerns<br/>Alberto Figoli, Jochen Bundschuh & Jan Hoinkis<br/>1.1 Introduction<br/>1.2 Fluoride<br/>1.3 Uranium<br/>1.4 Arsenic<br/><br/>Part II Traditional membrane processes<br/><br/>2. Arsenic removal by low pressure-driven membrane operations<br/>Alfredo Cassano<br/>2.1 Introduction<br/>2.2 Microfiltration and ultrafiltration<br/>2.3 Arsenic removal by using microfiltration<br/>2.4 Arsenic removal by using ultrafiltration<br/>2.5 Conclusions <br/><br/>3. Fluoride and uranium removal by nanofiltration<br/>Stefan-André Schmidt, Tiziana Marino, Catherine Aresipathi, Shamim-Ahmed Deowan, Priyanath N. Pathak, Prasanta Kumar Mohaptra, Jan Hoinkis & Alberto Figoli<br/>3.1 Introduction<br/>3.2 Common removal technologies<br/>3.3 Removal of dissolved fluoride and uranium by NF<br/>3.4 Conclusions and outlook<br/><br/>4. The use of reverse osmosis (RO) for removal of arsenic, fluoride and uranium from drinking water<br/>Priyanka Mondal, Anh Thi Kim Tran & Bart Van der Bruggen<br/>4.1 Reverse osmosis: background and transport mechanism<br/>4.2 Types of RO membranes<br/>4.3 Membrane modules and their application<br/>4.4 Reverse osmosis for arsenic, fluoride and uranium removal from water<br/>4.5 Experimental study for removal of arsenic and fluoride from water by RO and loose RO membranes<br/>4.6 Conclusion<br/><br/>5. Electro-membrane processes for the removal of trace toxic metal ions from water<br/>Svetlozar Velizarov, Adrian Oehmen, Maria Reis & João Crespo<br/>5.1 Introduction<br/>5.2 Case studies<br/>5.3 Concluding remarks and future needs<br/><br/>6. Fluoride, arsenic and uranium removal from water using adsorbent materials and integrated membrane systems<br/>Hacene Mahmoudi, Noreddine Ghaffour & Mattheus Goosen<br/>6.1 Introduction<br/>6.2 Fluoride<br/>6.3 Arsenic<br/>6.4 Uranium<br/>6.5 Concluding remarks and outlook<br/><br/>Part III New trends in materials and process development<br/><br/>7. Biosorbent materials and membranes for the treatment of toxic ions from water<br/>Mir Saeed Seyed Dorraji, Vahid Vatanpour & Abdolreza Mirmohseni<br/>7.1 Introduction<br/>7.2 Mechanism of metal biosorption and factors affecting its performance<br/>7.3 Equilibrium models for bioadsorption process<br/>7.4 Choice of metals for bioadsorption studies<br/>7.5 Biosorbent materials as a precursor in membrane preparation<br/>7.6 Hybrid of biosorption and membrane processes<br/>7.7 Biofiltration<br/>7.8 Bioadsorption of arsenic, uranium and fluoride<br/>7.9 Conclusion<br/><br/>8. Liquid membrane separations of uranium<br/>Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra<br/>8.1 Introduction<br/>8.2 Liquid membranes<br/>8.3 Liquid membrane separations using different extractants<br/>8.4 Applications of liquid membranes for uranium recovery<br/>8.5 Conclusion and perspectives<br/><br/>9. Supported liquid membrane technology in the removal and recovery of toxic ions from water<br/>Raffaele Molinari & Pietro Argurio<br/>9.1 Introduction<br/>9.2 Theory<br/>9.3 SLM application in the removal and recovery of toxic ions from water<br/>9.4 Conclusion<br/><br/>10. Polymer inclusion membranes for the separation of uranium and arsenic from dilute aqueous solutions<br/>Alexander M. St John, Spas D. Kolev & Clàudia Fontàs<br/>10.1 Introduction<br/>10.2 Extraction and separation of solutes<br/>10.3 Separation of uranium<br/>10.4 Separation of arsenic<br/>10.5 Conclusion and outlook<br/><br/>11. Removal of arsenic by nanofiltration: a case study on novel membrane materials<br/>Jianfeng Song, Xue-Mei Li, Claudia Ursino, Alberto Figoli & Tao He<br/>11.1 Introduction<br/>11.2 Nanofiltration (NF)<br/>11.3 Removal of arsenic by nanofiltration<br/>11.4 High performance NF membranes<br/>11.5 Cost evaluation<br/>11.6 Summary and outlook<br/><br/>12. Fate and removal of trace metals/metalloids and fluoride from urban wastewater by membrane bioreactors: pilot and full-scale experiences<br/>Evina Katsou, Simos Malamis, Franco Cecchi & Francesco Fatone<br/>12.1 Introduction<br/>12.2 Myths and realities about MBR<br/>12.3 Occurrence, fate and removal of trace metals, metalloids and fluoride<br/>12.4 Conclusion<br/><br/>13. Membrane distillation for the treatment of waters contaminated by arsenic, fluoride and uranium<br/>Alessandra Criscuoli & Maria Concetta Carnevale<br/>13.1 Introduction<br/>13.2 Traditional treatments<br/>13.3 Application of the membrane distillation technique<br/>13.4 Synthesis of the literature results<br/>13.5 Conclusions and remarks<br/><br/>14. Removal of inorganic and organic trace contaminants by forward osmosis membranes<br/>Qianhong She & Chuyang Y. Tang<br/>14.1 Introduction<br/>14.2 Fundamentals of mass transport and solute rejection in FO<br/>14.3 Removal of organic contaminants by FO membranes<br/>14.4 Removal of inorganic contaminants by FO membranes<br/>14.5 Conclusions and outlook |
